Which two planning approaches are identified in project planning?

• A. Deterministic and Stochastic
• B. Strategic and Operational
• C. Rational/Synoptic and Adaptive/Incrementalist
• D. Linear and Iterative

Answer: (C)

The two planning approaches are rational/synoptic and adaptive/incrementalist. Rational/synoptic planning aims for a complete, up-front plan with defined scope, schedule, and budget, assuming stable requirements and predictable delivery. Adaptive/incrementalist planning embraces change, delivering in small iterations and revising plans based on feedback, which fits uncertain environments where requirements evolve. The other terms describe different ideas—deterministic/stochastic relate to uncertainty models, strategic/operational to organizational planning levels, and linear/iterative to how processes unfold—so they don’t capture the core contrast in project planning approaches as this question intends.